Col R Hariharan
South Asia Analysis Group Paper No.6666|19 August
2020
http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/2665
*[Haksar on India’s Sri Lanka Policy, authors: Prof V Suryanarayanan
and Dr Ashik J Bonofer, 2020,
Published by Centre for Asia Studies and Book Venture, Chennai-600035, India.
Price: Rs 200. The book is being launched on 21 August 2020]
Professor V Suryanarayanan, one
of the country’s leading specialists on South and Southeast Asian studies, along
with Dr Ashik Bonofer co-author, has done a signal service by writing the book “Haksar on India’s Sri Lanka Policy”. Professor Suryanarayanan acknowledges, Sri
Lanka is not the major focus of the book, as PN Haksar (1913-1998), one of the
leading strategic thinkers of his times, was not associated with India’s Sri
Lanka policy; it was in the domain of G Parthasarathy, diplomatic stalwart and
contemporary of Haksar.
Prof Suryanarayan quotes from
Jairam Ramesh’s book “Intertwined lives:
PN Haksar and Indira Gandhi,” ‘Haksar contributed heavily to the making of
Indira Gandhi, especially in the first six or seven years of her Prime
Ministership…They formed an awesome duo: she with her charismatic appeal, he
with intellectual gravitas. Ultimately, she took all the decisions no doubt,
but she was heavily influenced by him at every turn.’ The authors draw heavily
upon Jairam Ramesh’s book to identify how PN Haksar viewed India’s role in Sri
Lanka. Moreover, they have used Professor’s contacts with a large number of
policy makers, diplomats, political leaders, academics and analysts of India
and Sri Lanka, to provide valuable insights into how India’s Sri Lanka policy
was shaped, culminating in the India-Sri Lanka Accord in 1987 and its
aftermath.
There are many vignettes of
information in the book on the main players who shaped India’s Sri Lanka
policy. The summing up of India’s Sri Lanka policy during Indira-GP years in
page 37 is interesting. “India was determined not to permit a military solution
of the ethnic problem in Sri Lanka. This was adhered to by Prime Minister Rajiv
Gandhi in 1987. The mediatory-militant supportive policy was based on this
assumption.” In hindsight we can say how the self-contradictory policy of
mediation on one hand and supporting militants on the other, hardened the
stakeholders in evolving a solution. Probably, political expedience of the
aftershocks of JR Jayawardane’s misconceived July 1983 pogrom strategy that
probably influenced Rajiv Gandhi. Of course, it is debatable. Equally important
is the disastrous impact of the Accord that led to India’s passive role in Sri
Lanka after its bitter experience in “active” phase of the Accord and the LTTE’s
assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. They made Tamil militants persona non grata in
India. Its direct result was India’s passive support to the elimination of LTTE
in Eelam war 2009, removing an external influence affecting India-Sri Lanka
relationship.
On both sides of the Palk Strait,
the Accord is one of the most maligned bilateral instruments signed between
India and Sri Lanka. Even, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) sent to ensure
the implementation of the Accord, with a half-baked and back-dated mandate,
courted its share of ignominy, even after losing over 1300 soldiers in
operations against the LTTE, which no one wanted. Many of us who took part in
it are living through its effects to this day, the fall out of skewed policy
implementation of those days.
Many of critics with the benefit
of hindsight, say the Accord was conceived in haste, drafted badly and executed
poorly. While these comments may have germs of truth, we need to understand the
external and internal environment of the time, in which it was conceived. India’s
internal political scene was churned up with the passing away of Mrs Indira
Gandhi, and the regional security scene was affected by the death throes of Soviet
Union, fast losing the Cold War.
But in 2020, time has come for
even the Accord’s worst detractors, including Tamil and Sinhala fringe
elements, to recognise its good points. It led to the introduction of the 13th
amendment to Sri Lanka Constitution. The Amendment created provincial councils
to provide a level of autonomy to Tamils. The Accord also made Sri Lanka
recognise Tamil language, identity, culture and areas of habitation.
When the 13th
Amendment - the fig leaf of Tamil aspirations - is running the risk of
withering away, many Sri Lanka Tamils want India to take action to force Sri Lanka
to fulfil Tamil aspirations, by resolving what they call the national question.
They seem to miss the semantics of the Sinhala majority who call it the
minority ethnic question. The semantic difference is in reality a strident call
of the majority for a unitary state; the reality is now Sri Lankan Tamils have
to help themselves, before asking India to help them out. They have to come
together, evolve a viable strategy relevant to the current political and
strategic situation and then seek India’s support in persuading Sri Lanka to
deal with the attention it deserves.
To sum up, after the Rajapaksas
have gained two thirds majority in parliament in the recently held general
election, Sri Lanka Tamils are facing the bleak prospect of losing even the
limited autonomy they gained after the India-Sri Lanka Accord was signed in
1987. After losing two generations of people in 25 years of fruitless bloody
war for realising their dream of independence, Tamils are facing the real world
of majority rule.
For them, the book under review
provides a useful understanding of the background to the making of Sri Lanka
policy in India. They need to understand the complexities of foreign policy
making and factor it in their strategy.
Col R
Hariharan, MI specialist on South Asia and insurgency and terrorism, served as
head of MI of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka (1987-90). Email: haridirect@gmail.com Website: https://col.hariharan.info
From
the Director: The book gives perhaps the most authentic account of what
happened in Sri Lanka and the circumstances that led to the Indian involvement.