Though the regime is trying to present a soft image of itself, this has not allayed the fear of thousands of citizens, who thronged to Kabul airport to flee. With the coffers empty, international acceptance and aid are crucial.
Col R
Hariharan |Columns| August 21, 2018 | https://www.indialegallive.com/
Afghanistan when it marched triumphantly into Kabul on August
15. The Latin phrase veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered) attributed
to Julius Caesar following his victory at the Battle of Zela in 42 BC may well
apply to the Taliban’s victory in Afghanistan.
In barely a month, Taliban’s 70,000-odd trained fighters and followers
overran the 3,00,000 strong Afghan army. The army, trained and armed by the US
and its NATO allies at a cost of $83 billion, melted away without a fight in
most places.
The Taliban is now better armed than ever before, thanks to the arms it has
seized from the Afghan armed forces. Its success has shown that even after the
two-decade long US-led “Global War on Terror”, the ideology of jihadi terrorism
remains stronger than before. Taliban’s successful comeback has triggered a new
era of uncertainties in Afghanistan. The country’s future now looks confused,
chaotic, bleak, bloody and full of uncertainties.
International and internal stakeholders, who have been playing a large part
in shaping the events, are trying to come to terms with the Taliban in power.
Though the record of democratic rule in Afghanistan had been sullied by endemic
corruption and cronyism, people enjoyed the benefits of living in a free
society. There had been marked progress in the status of women in society as
more and more of them participated in politics and the work place—with freedom
to travel. Women were elected to parliament and public offices and formed
nearly 39 percent of the work force.
After the capture of Kabul, Taliban has declared an Islamic Emirate of
Afghanistan and speaks of going ahead with its efforts to form an “inclusive,
Islamic government”, an oxymoron of sorts. This has evoked the image of the
Taliban which ruled the country from 1996 to 2001. Guided by the Deobandi
interpretation of Sharia, it banned music, television, films and the internet.
Art forms like painting and photography were forbidden as idolatry. Even
recreational sports were banned. Women were not allowed to work; they had to
observe purdah and a male relative had to accompany them when they came out of
the house. If any woman broke the rules, she was whipped or executed.
The Taliban has inherited a fragile and aid-dependent economy. Employment
is concentrated in low-productivity agriculture (44 percent of the total
workforce works in agriculture and 60 percent households derive some income
from agriculture). Private sector development and diversification is
constrained by a difficult business environment. Weak competitiveness drives a
structural trade deficit, equal to around 30 percent of GDP, financed almost
entirely from grant inflows and employment, and includes opium production,
smuggling and illegal mining.
The government’s coffers are empty after the US government froze $9.5
billion assets of Afghanistan Central Bank. So, international acceptance is
crucial for the Taliban regime; then only can it expect the country receive
international aid commitments of $784 million (estimated by the World Bank) promised
for the year. European Union’s (EU) foreign policy chief has said the EU
will cooperate with the Taliban-led government only if it respects fundamental
rights, including those of women and prevents the use of Afghanistan’s
territory by terrorists. Even China has said it will decide on extending
diplomatic recognition to the Taliban only after the formation of the
government, which it hoped would be “open, inclusive and broadly
representative”.
This is perhaps one of the main reasons for the force presenting a soft
image of itself—Taliban version 2.0. Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid spoke
to the press a day after the takeover of Kabul and made a slew of promises,
clearly aimed at living down the Taliban’s poor image. His promises included
honouring women’s rights within the norms of Islamic laws, forgiving those who
resisted them and those who served with the earlier government. He also said
private media would continue to remain independent.
Mujahid said: “I would like to assure the international community,
including the United States, that nobody will be harmed.” He emphasised: “We
don’t want any internal or external enemies…. War has ended… (the leader) has
pardoned everyone, we are committed to letting women work in accordance with
the principles of Islam.” He added: “All those in the opposite side are
pardoned from A to Z. We will not seek revenge.”
Answering a question on how the Taliban of today was
different from the one that was defeated two decades ago, Mujahid said: “If the
question is based on ideology, and beliefs, there is no difference”. But if
it’s based on “experience, maturity and insight, no doubt there is a marked
difference”. He asserted: “The steps today will be positively different from
the past steps.
However, the words of Mujahid did not allay the fears of thousands of
citizens who thronged Kabul international airport to catch a flight to get out
of the country. There is widespread scepticism among the people whether the
present incarnation—Taliban 2.0— would keep its promises.
The most sceptical are women, who suffered the most during the earlier
spell of Taliban rule. In the last two decades, women have been enjoying
unprecedented levels of freedom to dress, learn, travel and choose their own
lifestyle. Music and artistic pursuits, banned by the Taliban, have been
thriving under democracy.
Already reports of Afghan women being forced to marry Taliban fighters and
being publicly flogged are trickling down. In Kabul, Taliban guards are asking
women to cover themselves up and move around only with a male chaperone. In
Herat, houses of women members of parliament were searched and their cars taken
away. Taliban workers went round tarring the faces of women on posters
displayed in shops in Kabul.
Though President Ashraf Ghani fled the country before Kabul fell, there are
women leaders staying on. Salima Mazari, one of the three female district
governors in Afghanistan, had been on a crusade since 2019 to protect Charkint
district from the Taliban, though half of it is under Taliban control. Mazari
has now been arrested by the Taliban. In an interview to AP, she had said: “In
the provinces controlled by the Taliban, no women exist there anymore, not even
in the cities. They are all imprisoned in their homes.” This sums up the reality
of Taliban’s attitude to women’s existence under Sharia rule.
Taliban version 2.0 will also help the formation of an “inclusive
government” which is not an easy exercise. There are internal differences
within the Taliban leadership. Former President Hamid Karzai and Abdullah
Abdullah who was to lead the High Council for National Reconciliation for
Afghan peace talks, have already met Anas Haqqani, leader of the powerful
Haqqani faction of the Taliban, in control of Kabul. They are hoping it would
lead to negotiations with Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar Akhund, the First Vice
Emir, who has reached Kabul. He is the co-founder of the Taliban in
Afghanistan and deputy to the founder, Mullah Mohammed Omar. Baradar led the
Doha negotiations with the Americans and signed the Doha Agreement in February
2020 for the withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan. Baradar is
expected to be the president of Afghanistan in the new government.
After Ghani fled the country, Vice President Amrullah Saleh declared
himself the legitimate president of the country and announced the formation of
the anti-Taliban front. He is now located in Panjshir Valley, the heartland of
Northern Alliance, which allied with the Americans to fight the Taliban.
Social media videos show the presence of Saleh along with Defence Minister
General Bismillah Mohammadi and Tajik leader Ahmad Massoud, son of the late
legendary Ahmed Shah Massoud.
Panjshir Valley is yet to be captured by the Taliban. So much would depend
upon how the Taliban tackle the brewing opposition there. Anti-Taliban
sentiments are also reported in a few other provinces.
Though the Taliban has captured most of Afghanistan and established
control, government formation is likely to take time. Much would depend upon
the Taliban’s ability to articulate an acceptable image to gain international
recognition.
The writer is a military intelligence specialist on South Asia,
associated with the Chennai Centre for China Studies and the International Law
and Strategic Studies Institute